Legend
Each dot ≈ 600 people. Dots multiply as the state's population grows.
Share of the state's population, per area — rebalanced to the total at each census.
sparseconcentrated
Each county is shaded by the census when its population peaked — pale = long ago, deep orange = recent. Count of counties in parentheses.
Each dot is colored by race; percentages are statewide for the selected year.
Harmonized from decennial U.S. Census race tables (IPUMS NHGIS). Before 1900, "Black" = enslaved + free people of color; some early "Other/Asian/Native" fold into Black where the census didn't separate them. Click a race to show or hide it (isolate one or several). Hispanic/Latino is a separate census question available from 1980 on; before then everyone is counted by race only. 2025 uses 2020 composition.
Each dot colored by age group; percentages are statewide for the year. Click a group to isolate it.
U.S. Census age brackets (NHGIS), county level, 1970\u20132020; 2025 uses 2020.
Educational attainment of adults 25+; dots colored by highest level, percentages statewide. Click a level to isolate it.
NHGIS harmonized attainment, county level. Decennial 1970/1980/2000 + ACS 5-year for 2010 & 2020; 1990 interpolated; 2025 uses 2020.